AI JUDGES: REVOLUTIONIZING THE JUDICIARY WITH INTEGRITY, DIGNITY, AND IMPROVING THE WELFARE OF JUDGES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25216/ikahi.2.2.8.2024.141-166Keywords:
AI JUDGES, REVOLUTIONIZING THE JUDICIARY WITH INTEGRITY; DIGNITY, IMPROVING THE WELFARE OF JUDGESAbstract
The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has offered transformative opportunities in various sectors, including the justice system. In the Indonesian context, the implementation of AI as a judge promises the potential to address the integrity and efficiency challenges faced by the judicial system, which has been tainted by cases of corruption and susceptibility to subjective bias. By leveraging AI's ability to process big data quickly and objectively, it is expected to create a more transparent decision-making process, reduce bias, and minimise the potential for corruption. This research discusses the implementation of AI in the role of a judge in Indonesia's criminal justice system, examines the potential efficiency, objectivity, and transparency offered by AI, and explores the synergy between AI and human judges in improving the quality of legal services. Through theoretical analysis, this research highlights the importance of standards and protocol development, transparency, training and education, and regular evaluation in AI integration. Cooperation between AI and human judges not only enriches the decision-making process in the judiciary but also maintains the humanistic core of law. This research shows that with a careful and ethical approach, the integration of AI in the justice system can strengthen fairness, improve efficiency, and ensure that technology supports, not replaces, the discretion of human judges, opening a new era in a fairer, more efficient, and dignified judiciary.
Translated with DeepL.com (free version)
References
Allan. “Dworkin and Dicey: The Rule of Law As Integrity.” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 8, no. 2 (July 1, 1988): 266–77. https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/8.2.266.
Bicknell, K, C Brust, and B Settles. “How Duolingo’s AI Learns What You Need to Learn: The Language-Learning App Tries to Emulate a Great Human Tutor.” IEEE Spectrum 60, no. 3 (2023): 28–33. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2023.10061631.
Chiao, Vincent. “Fairness, Accountability and Transparency: Notes on Algorithmic Decision-Making in Criminal Justice.” International Journal of Law in Context 15, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 126–39. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744552319000077.
Conrad, Jack G, and L Karl Branting. “Introduction to the Special Issue on Legal Text Analytics.” Artificial Intelligence and Law 26, no. 2 (2018): 99–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-018-9227-z.
Dymitruk, Maria. “Artificial Intelligence as a Tool to Improve the Administration of Justice?” Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Legal Studies 8, no. 2 (2020): 179–89. https://doi.org/10.47745/ausleg.2019.8.2.03.
Ferinda K Fachri. “Melihat Posibilitas AI Menggantikan Hakim Di Masa Depan, Apa Mungkin?” Hukumonline.com, 2023. https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/melihat-posibilitas-ai-menggantikan-hakim-di-masa-depan--apa-mungkin-lt653a431cbb9f0/.
Fernandes Godinho, Inês, Cláudio R. Flores, and Nuno Castro Marques. “Consultation on The White Paper on Artificial Intelligence - A European Approach.” ULP Law Review 14, no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 157–67. https://doi.org/10.46294/ULPLR-RDULP.V14I1.7475.
Fernando, Zico Junius, Kiki Kristanto, Ariesta Wibisono Anditya, Sawitri Yuli Hartati, and Agri Baskara. “Robot Lawyer in Indonesian Criminal Justice System: Problems and Challenges for Future Law Enforcement.” Lex Scientia Law Review 7, no. 2 (November 14, 2023): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.15294/LESREV.V7I2.69423.
Fernando, Zico Junius, Rosmanila, Laily Ratna, Achmad Cholidin, and Bhanu Prakash Nunna. “The Role of Neuroprediction and Artificial Intelligence in the Future of Criminal Procedure Support Science: A New Era in Neuroscience and Criminal Justice.” Yuridika 38, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 593–620. https://doi.org/10.20473/YDK.V38I3.46104.
Gabriel, Iason. “Toward a Theory of Justice for Artificial Intelligence.” Daedalus 151, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 218–31. https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_A_01911.
Hamnach, Burhanuddin, Ah. Fathonih, Aden Rosadi, and Eneng Nuraeni. “Implementasi Layanan Perkara Secara Elektronik (E-Court) Saat Pandemi Covid-19 Hubungannya Dengan Asas Kepastian Hukum.” Al-Ahwal Al-Syakhsiyyah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Peradilan Islam 3, no. 1 (2022): 49–66. https://doi.org/10.15575/as.v3i1.17518.
Heo, Tae Young, Kyoung Min Kim, Hyun Kyu Min, Sun Mi Gu, Jae Hyun Kim, Jaesuk Yun, and Jung Kee Min. “Development of a Deep-Learning-Based Artificial Intelligence Tool for Differential Diagnosis between Dry and Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.” Diagnostics 2020, Vol. 10, Page 261 10, no. 5 (April 28, 2020): 261. https://doi.org/10.3390/DIAGNOSTICS10050261.
Hien, Ngo Le Huy, Luu Van Huy, and Nguyen Van Hieu. “Artwork Style Transfer Model Using Deep Learning Approach.” Cybernetics and Physics 10, no. 3 (2021): 127–37. https://doi.org/10.35470/2226-4116-2021-10-3-127-137.
Ikhsan, Wishmy Meinawa, Elzami Haqie Ednoer, Winanda Setyaning Kridantika, and Amrie Firmansyah. “Fraud Detection Automation Through Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence.” Riset: Jurnal Aplikasi Ekonomi Akuntansi Dan Bisnis 4, no. 2 (September 27, 2022): 103–19. https://doi.org/10.37641/RISET.V4I2.166.
Jha, Janhvi, Ajeet Kumar Vishwakarma, Chaithra N, Allagari Nithin, Anu Sayal, Ashulekha Gupta, and Rajiv Kumar. “Artificial Intelligence and Applications.” In 2023 1st International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Research Trends (ICRT), 1–4, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRT57042.2023.10146698.
John, A M, A M U., and J T Panachakel. “Ethical Challenges of Using Artificial Intelligence in Judiciary.” In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Metrology for EXtended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE), 723–28, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/MetroXRAINE58569.2023.10405688.
Kant, Ravi, Anil Kumar Dixit, Minakshi Memoria, and Tanupriya Chaudhary. “Artificial Intelligence Based Transformation in the Field of Legal Profession.” In 2023 3rd International Conference on Innovative Sustainable Computational Technologies (CISCT), 1–6, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/CISCT57197.2023.10351288.
Kerikmäe, Tanel, and Evelin Pärn-Lee. “Legal Dilemmas of Estonian Artificial Intelligence Strategy: In Between of E-Society and Global Race.” AI and Society 36, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 561–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00146-020-01009-8/METRICS.
Kluttz, Daniel, and Deirdre K. Mulligan. “Automated Decision Support Technologies and the Legal Profession.” SSRN Electronic Journal, July 15, 2019, 1–41. https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3443063.
Lund, Brady, and Wang Ting. “Chatting about ChatGPT: How May AI and GPT Impact Academia and Libraries?” SSRN Electronic Journal, January 22, 2023, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.4333415.
McDermid, John A., Yan Jia, Zoe Porter, and Ibrahim Habli. “Artificial Intelligence Explainability: The Technical and Ethical Dimensions.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 379, no. 2207 (October 4, 2021): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1098/RSTA.2020.0363.
Medianti, Uji Sukma. “Permudah Penanganan Perkara, MA Rilis Aplikasi Berbasis AI.” katadata.co.id, 2023. https://katadata.co.id/berita/nasional/64e2fbd5c54f5/permudah-penanganan-perkara-ma-rilis-aplikasi-berbasis-ai/.
Mukala, Patrick, Joos Buijs, Maikel Leemans, and Wil Van Der Aalst. “Learning Analytics on Coursera Event Data: A Proceb Mining Approach.” In CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 1527:18–32, 2015.
Nadia Intan Fajarlie. “Daftar Panjang Hakim-Hakim Yang Terjerat Kasus Korupsi, Dari Pengadilan Negeri Hingga Mahkamah Agung.” https://www.kompas.tv/nasional/331194/daftar-panjang-hakim-hakim-yang-terjerat-kasus-korupsi-dari-pengadilan-negeri-hingga-mahkamah-agung, 2022. https://www.kompas.tv/nasional/331194/daftar-panjang-hakim-hakim-yang-terjerat-kasus-korupsi-dari-pengadilan-negeri-hingga-mahkamah-agung.
Putra, Panca Sarjana, Zico Junius Fernando, Bhanu Prakash Nunna, and Rizaldy Anggriawan. “Judicial Transformation: Integration of AI Judges in Innovating Indonesia’s Criminal Justice System.” Kosmik Hukum 23, no. 3 (2023): 233–47. https://doi.org/10.30595/kosmikhukum.v23i3.18711.
Rudin, Cynthia, Caroline Wang, and Beau Coker. “The Age of Secrecy and Unfairness in Recidivism Prediction.” Harvard Data Science Review 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 1–53. https://doi.org/10.1162/99608F92.6ED64B30.
Setiawan, Annisa Dita, Artaji, and Sherly Ayuna Putri. “Implementasi Sistem E-Court Dalam Penegakan Hukum Di Pengadilan Negeri.” Jurnal Poros Hukum Padjadjaran 2, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 198–217. https://doi.org/10.23920/JPHP.V2I2.352.
Sgaglione, Luigi, and Giovanni Mazzeo. “A GDPR-Compliant Approach to Real-Time Processing of Sensitive Data.” Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies 98 (2019): 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92231-7_5/COVER.
Sidorkin, D. D. “Tesla Autopilot: Semi-Automatic Driving, Momentum for Future Autonomy.” Vestnik of M. Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University 0, no. 4 (56) (January 11, 2023): 144–52. https://doi.org/10.54596/2309-6977-2022-4-144-152.
Syakirun Ni’am. “Hakim Agung Gazalba Saleh Diduga Terima Gratifikasi Puluhan Miliar, Diubah Jadi Aset.” https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2023/03/22/17135791/hakim-agung-gazalba-saleh-diduga-terima-gratifikasi-puluhan-miliar-diubah, 2023. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2023/03/22/17135791/hakim-agung-gazalba-saleh-diduga-terima-gratifikasi-puluhan-miliar-diubah.
Tara Prasad Sapkota, Shila Kunwar, Mahima Bhattarai, and Shreya Poudel. “Artificial Intelligence That Are Beneficial for Law.” US-China Law Review 17, no. 5 (May 28, 2020): 217–23. https://doi.org/10.17265/1548-6605/2020.05.004.
Ursino, Domenico, Fernando De, Prieta Pintado, Vasile-Daniel Păvăloaia, and Sabina-Cristiana Necula. “Artificial Intelligence as a Disruptive Technology—A Systematic Literature Review.” Electronics 12, no. 5 (February 23, 2023): 1102. https://doi.org/10.3390/ELECTRONICS12051102.
Wang, Nu. “‘Black Box Justice’: Robot Judges and AI-Based Judgment Processes in China’s Court System.” In 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS), 58–65, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462216.
Xu, Zichun. “Human Judges in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Challenges and Opportunities.” Applied Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2021.2013652.
Zhang, X, S Agarwal, R Choy, K J Wong, L Lim, Y Y Lee, and J J Lu. “Personalized Digital Customer Services for Consumer Banking Call Centre Using Neural Networks.” In 2020 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), 1–7, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/IJCNN48605.2020.9206709.
Zhao, Xujian, Hui Zhang, Chunming Yang, Bo Li, Anna Visvizi, Miltiadis D Lytras, Wadee Alhalabi, and Xi Zhang. “An Overview of Artificial Intelligence Research and Development in China.” In The New Silk Road Leads through the Arab Peninsula: Mastering Global Business and Innovation, 143–51. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78756-679-820191009.
Zhou, Jianlong, Fang Chen, Adam Berry, Mike Reed, Shujia Zhang, and Siobhan Savage. “A Survey on Ethical Principles of AI and Implementations.” In 2020 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI), 3010–17, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/SSCI47803.2020.9308437.
Zico Junius Fernando et al. “The Freedom of Expression in Indonesia.” Cogent Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (2022): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2103944.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Zico Junius
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
License and Copyright Agreement
In submitting the manuscript to the journal, the authors certify that:
- They are authorized by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
- The work described has not been formally published before, except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis, or overlay journal. Please also carefully read our Posting Your Article Policy here.
- The work is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
- The work has been approved by all the author(s) and by the responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – of the institutes where the work has been carried out.
- They secure the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere.
- They agree to the following license and copyright agreement.
Copyright
Authors who publish with Judex Laguens agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges and earlier and greater citation of published work.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
